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The North American Monsoon | NOAA Climate.gov Data from the Northeast Regional Climate Center Applied Climate Information System; 2079-2099 image shows the weighted mean of downscaled CMIP5 models in the LOCA dataset. The pyrocumulonimbus cloud shown at the arrow was created by heat from the fire. Winter is the driest season in New Mexico, because precipitation from eastward-traveling Pacific storms is left behind in the western mountains of Arizona and Utah. Despite the areas arid climate, the dunes were surprisingly full of life, particularly in southeastern Utah. The monsoon's intensity waned by the early Jurassic, and the rivers and floodplains were replaced by even larger deserts. North America's position near the equator kept its climate relatively warm. The size and location of various lakes in which the Green River Formation sediments were deposited during the Eocene epoch. Map of the modern Yucatn Peninsula region showing the location of the Chicxulub impact crater. The Southwest's overall average high temperature of 19.2C (66.6F) and average low of 2.8C (37.0F) are indicative of a varied climate, one much less uniform than that found in many other parts of the United States. He pointed out that ENSO does influence Pacific tropical storms, which can supply moisture to the monsoon. PRI is a registered 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization. One especially alarming detail about the Calf Canyon fire is that it was originally set in January 2022. Climate | Arizona State Climate Office Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic license, Scenarios for Climate Assessment and Adaptation, Image by The High Fin Sperm Whale, created from images by NOAA National Weather Service training material (Wikimedia Commons, public domain), Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International license, Modified from a map by Adam Peterson (Wikimedia Commons, Photo by Bob Wick, Bureau of Land Management (flickr, public domain), Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported license, Photo by Richard Stephen Haynes (Wikimedia Commons, Photo of USNM PAL 165239 by Crinoid Type Project (Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, public domain), Photos of YPM IP 529539 by Jessica Utrup, 2015 (Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History/YPM, CC0 1.0 Universal/Public Domain Dedication, Photo of USNM P 38052 by Frederic Cochard (Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, public domain), Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 2.0 Generic license, Cretaceous Atlas of Ancient Life: Western Interior Seaway, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International, Photo of USNM 166396 from the Cretaceous Atlas of Ancient Life, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International license, Inset image from the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (PIA03397), Photo by Jeffrey Beall (Wikimedia Commons, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license, Photo by Kenneth Carpenter (Wikimedia Commons, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommerical 2.0 Generic license, Photo by Center for Land Use Interpretation, Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 license, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 Generic license, Photo by Dr. David Goodrich, NOAA (NOAA Photo Library ID wea04192, NOAA's National Weather Service, via flickr, Images by Lauren Dauphin, NASA Earth Observatory, Photos by Lauren Dauphin, NASA Earth Observatory, NASA Earth Observatory image by Lauren Dauphin (NASA Earth Observatory, Photo by Santa Fe National Forest (National Interagency Fire Center on flickr, public domain), https://earthathome.org/de/talk-about-climate/, https://earthathome.org/de/what-is-climate/, https://earthathome.org/de/recent-climate-change/, https://earthathome.org/de/climate-change-mitigation/, https://earthathome.org/de/climate-change-adaptation/, https://earthathome.org/quick-faqs/#climate, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International licenses. UK regional climates - Met Office Weather conditions, particularly hot, dry weather and wind that spreads flames, contribute significantly to the ignition and growth of wildfires. Paleontological Research Institution Special Publication 38, Ithaca, NY, 200 pp. Cambrian trilobites from the Bright Angel Shale (Tonto Group), Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona. Source:Figure 1 from Erdei et al. Precipitation forms. Some areas were more than 2F warmer than average (see Figure 1). Agua Caliente solar farm, Maricopa County, Arizona. Carbon dioxide emissions in Arizona rose through the last three decades of the 20th century and reached a peak in 2008. One controversial hypothesis proposes that an area of western Coloradoone of the islands that dotted the early Carboniferous seawas, in fact, glaciated. Explore how climate change is affecting the Southwest. In the podcast episode 2021a generational monsoon? Zack listed some of the factors that influence how much moisture is available to the monsoon, including the position of the high-pressure area, wind patterns, and transient weather features. Credits: Most of the text on this page comes from "Climate of the Southwestern US" by Ingrid H. H. Zabel, Judith T. Parrish, and Andrielle N. Swaby, chapter 8 in The Teacher-Friendly Guide to the Earth Science of the Southwestern US, edited by Andrielle N. Swaby, Mark D. Lucas, and Robert M. Ross (published in 2016 by the Paleontological Research Institution; currently out of print). There was likely little or no glacial ice anywhere on Earth, and temperatures were highest in lower latitudes. Annual Weather SummaryNovember 2022 to October 2023. Is the tropical storm season done for this part of the country? Extent of the Western Interior Seaway during the Cretaceous Period. The event devastated the Southwest, shifting a densely forested landscape to one primarily covered with fast-growing herbs and ferns. In winter, rising temperatures have increased the number of frost-free days. This chapter builds on assessments of climate change in the Southwest region from the three previous U.S. National Climate Assessments. This mortality is attributed to higher temperatures, drought, and the eruption of bark beetles that are able to survive through warmer winter weather. Photo by James St. John (flickr, Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic license, image cropped and resized). Glaciation in the Southern Hemisphere occurred during the late Devonian, while the supercontinent Gondwana was located over the South Pole, and intensified during the early Carboniferous. That timeworn classic is only partially true--May and September can also be great summer months. Shallow seas invaded the continent, ultimately covering the whole area until the late Carboniferous. Wind moves the air, promoting mixing. These are blog posts, not official agency communications; if you quote from these posts or from the comments section, you should attribute the quoted material to the blogger or commenter, not to NOAA, CPC, or Climate.gov. While two indicators in this report present information about unusually high or low temperatures and drought on a national scale (see the High and Low Temperatures indicator and the Drought indicator), this feature highlights the Southwest because of its particular sensitivity to temperature and drought. Climate Prediction Center - Seasonal Outlook - National Oceanic and What is the weather like in the Southwest region in summer? During this time, the only exposed areas were islands in western Colorado and parts of New Mexico. Photo by Archaeopoda (Wikimedia Commons,Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported license, image cropped, resized, and labeled). The American Southwest, here defined as the area between 95W and 125W and 25N and 40N, 9 covers over four million square kilometers. SW Temperature | CLIMAS Branches and leaves of an ancient conifer (Walchia dawsonii), Permian Hermit Shale, Arizona. Southwest Increased heat, drought, and insect outbreaks, all linked to climate change, have increased wildfires. Photo of USNM 166396 from the Cretaceous Atlas of Ancient Life(Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International license, image cropped). (2015) . Precipitation also varies widely. The North American Monsoon is a seasonal change in the atmospheric circulation that occurs as the summer sun heats the continental land mass. As Pangaea reached its greatest size during the early Triassic, the monsoons intensity increased, and the vast dune deserts of the late Permian were replaced by rivers and floodplains. This fire, which started as two separate fires that merged, began in April 2022 and has since burned more than 138,000 hectares (340,000 acres) of land and over 300 homes. Spring- The spring in the Southwest region is cool. As in Arizona, the desert experiences a large range of temperature on a daily basis. In the early Carboniferous (Mississippian), ice capped the South Pole and began to expand northward. Scale bar = 5 centimeters (about 2 inches). Water vapor animation for the afternoon of August 22, 2018 showing the monsoon circulation and thunderstorm formation (dark blue, green, dark red). During winter months, daytime temperatures may average 70 degrees F, with night temperatures often falling to freezing of slightly below in the lower desert valleys." During much of the year, the prevailing wind over northwestern Mexico, Arizona, and New Mexico is westerly (blowing from the west) and dry. Hey! The location of the Southwest and the topographical extremes across this area strongly influence its weather. Photograph by Bill Morrow (Flickr;Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic license). The distance between Santa Fe and Las Vegas, New Mexico, is about 65 kilometers (about 40.5 miles). In 2000-2003, the combination of severe drought and unusually high temperatures led to a significant die-off of pion pines in the Four Corners region of the Southwest. Funnel clouds (developing tornadoes) over El Paso County, Colorado, March 29, 2019. 2021. The highest point in these mountains has a relief of 1572 meters (5157 feet) over the surrounding landscape, and the mountains are tall enough to receive snowfall. While the state is generally arid, its high western mountains experience more precipitation each year than the desert southwest and the high northeastern plateau do. This movement of air in different directions is also the reason for the high incidence of powerful tornados that occur along "Tornado Alley" in the Great Plains, which affect eastern New Mexico and especially eastern Colorado. Figure by Climate.gov. Ordovician deposits across the Southwest indicate warm, shallow seas rich in invertebrate life. This feature focuses on six states that are commonly thought of as southwestern and characterized at least in part by arid landscapes and scarce water supplies: Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, and Utah. It depends where you are! Climate change is affecting the Southwest's water resources, terrestrial ecosystems, coastal and marine environments, agriculture, and energy supply. Some regions have received more than 200% of the average rainfall, and Tucson recorded its wettest month ever this July. Mesohippusmeasured up to 70 centimeters (2 feet) at shoulder height. For extended periods from 2002 to 2005 and from 2012 to2020, nearly the entire region was abnormally dry or even drier (see Figure 2). Photo by Daniel Mayer (Wikimedia Commons, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported license, image resized). Official websites use .gov Where the land was exposed, deposits of dust (loess) accumulated and were blown across much of the Southwest. In New Mexico, for example, the average difference between the daily high and low temperatures ranges from 14 to 19C (25 to 35F). Climate models project a significant increase in the number of days over 95F per year across the Southeast. When you add in the sparse rain-gauge observations available in the U.S. Southwest and Mexico, it becomes even more difficult to make confident statements about the effects of the monsoon and how it can be predicted. When you take an already highly variable phenomenon like rainfall, add in uncertain regional climate change impacts, and factor in the sparse data record, it gets difficult to make a strong case about exactly how the monsoon rainfall is changing. July 1August 22, 2021 precipitation shown as a percent of the average July 1August 22, based on 19792020. The Wave, a series of intersecting U-shaped troughs eroded into Jurassic NavajoSandstone within the Paria Canyon-Vermilion Cliffs Wilderness, Arizona. For the climate on early Earth prior to 541 million years ago, see the Introduction to Climate section. Photo by James St. John (flickr,Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic license, image cropped and resized). Cycads are a group of seed plants that look superficially similar to palms, but are not closely related to them and do not produce flowers. Southwest | National Climate Assessment All rights reserved. This page uses Google Analytics. Precipitation, while sparse, peaks in the summer during the monsoonal storms, and again in the winter from storms originating in the Pacific Ocean. MacDonald, G.M. Photo by Santa Fe National Forest (National Interagency Fire Center on flickr, public domain). Zack and Mike mention that last year was an extremely dry monsoon, and this year is extremely wet.