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[4] Though the most recent data set is only updated for 2008, there is planning by Cheibub to update it to the present year. [148], Institutions that coerce the opposition through the use of violence may serve different roles or they may be used to counterbalance one another in order to prevent one institution from becoming too powerful. [8]:457, The DD dataset is limited to 199 countries after 1946, whereas Boix, Miller, & Rosato, 2013 proposed a data set from 1800 to 2007, covering 219 countries. [101] Albania was established as a communist dictatorship under Enver Hoxha in 1944. Miguel Daz-Canel, the son of Ral Castro who replaced him as president of Cuba, has kept the dictatorship structure in place that was established by Fidel Castro during the Cuban revolution. The authors acknowledged that the last rule is more complicated to implement, but stated that it helps researchers to control potential errors and removes subjective judgement from the classification. The required majority needed to remove the sitting government varies between countries but is termed a vote of no confidence. [127], Indoctrination is the inculcation of citizens on specific values and ideas beneficial to the dictatorships needs and desires. China - Communist Regime 4. 8. Though the most recent data set is only updated for 2008, there is planning by Cheibub to update it to the . Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Brunei Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi C Cabo Verde Cambodia Cameroon Canada Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Comoros Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Costa Rica Cte d'Ivoire Croatia Cuba Cyprus Allowing the opposition to have representation in the regime, such as through a legislature, further reduces the likelihood of terrorist attacks in a dictatorship. Also called a dominant party dictatorship or one-party state. The rights of the people are typically suppressed in a dictatorship, sometimes to a great degree. [26] Ruling parties in one-party dictatorships are distinct from political parties that were created to serve a dictator in that the ruling party in a one-party dictatorship permeates every level of society. Typically, dictators rise to power when a nation faces significant social issues, such as strong economic crises or unrest among the nation's people. [38] Due to the lack of accountability and the smaller group of elites, personalist dictatorships are more prone to corruption than other forms of dictatorship,[39] and they are more repressive than other forms of dictatorship. Nigeria - 1966 to 1975 - Yakubu Gowon. [126] Some of the most ruthless examples of repression in recent history were repression by hunger. The dictatorship of Francisco Franco in Spain , from 1939 to 1975. Under this system, there are three types of dictatorships. [68] The Spanish American wars of independence took place in the early-19th century, creating many new Latin American governments. Political scientists such as Juan Jos Linz and Samuel P. Huntington identify key attributes that define the power structure of a dictatorship, including a single leader or a small group of leaders, the exercise of power with few limitations, limited political pluralism, and limited mass mobilization. Giving ultimate power and control to just one person is not ideal, as it can lead to future unrest and problems. But for today, these are the world's dictatorships. * Venezuela - Nicolas Maduro * Mauritania - Mohamed Ould Abdulaziz * Algeria - Abdelaziz Bouteflika * Tunisia - Beji Caid Essebesi * Chad - Idriss Deby * Sudan - Omar al-Bashir * Cameroon - Paul Biy. Teodoro Obiang Nguesma Mbasogo overthrew his uncle Macias in 1979 in a bloody coup. ( 1, 2, 3) 5 Paul Kagame, the 60-year-old President of Rwanda, has been in power since 1994 when his rebel army ended the genocide which had killed 800,000 people. Italy's Mussolini. [147] The use of violence by a dictator is frequently most severe during the first few years of a dictatorship, because the regime has not yet solidified its rule and more detailed information for targeted coercion is not yet available. Military dictatorships are more prone to conflict due to the inherent military strength associated with such a regime, and personalist dictatorships are more prone to conflict due to the weaker institutions to check the dictator's power. Functioning of government: 3.57. With a total area of 2,381,741 square kilometres, 90% of which is desert, Algeria is the tenth-largest country in the world, and the largest in Arab world and Africa and on the Mediterranean. [61] In Europe, the Commonwealth of England under Oliver Cromwell, formed in 1649 after the Second English Civil War, has been described as a military dictatorship by its contemporary opponents and by some modern academics. [131] A military coup is often carried out when a regime is threatening the country's stability or during periods of societal unrest. [1]:70. [1]:71. [14], Unless they have undertaken a self-coup, those seizing power typically have little governmental experience and do not have a detailed policy plan in advance. In some cases, nations may have multiple ruling bodies or government types, meaning they're not exclusively countries that are governed by dictatorships. The term dictatorship originates from its use in the Roman Republic. The group may be military or political, it may be organized or disorganized, and it may disproportionately represent a certain demographic. Democracy is broadly understood to mean 'rule by the people'. [89] Military coups were also a common occurrence after decolonisation, with 14 African countries experiencing at least three successful military coups between 1959 and 2001. Organizations that maintain moral authority with the public, such as the Church, are often the most targeted by infiltration. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Interestingly, most modern dictatorships do not use the term "dictator" to. Many are noted for their cruelty, while others are honored as national heroes. This was replaced by a trend of developing a positive public image to maintain support among the populace and moderating rhetoric to integrate with the global community. [42] Within a personalist regime an issue called "The dictators dilemma" arises. Its territory covers 652,000 km, making it the 41st largest country in the world. The leader of a dictatorship is called a dictator. This is understandable, as the terms are very similar. [45] Although, when it comes to polling and elections a dictator could use his power to override private preferences. If you're looking for the names of countries with dictatorship governments then you're in the right place. A presidential democracy has a government that does not need the majority support of a legislature to stay in power. [138] A study found that dictatorships that engage in oil drilling are more likely to remain in power, with 70.63% of the dictators who engage in oil drilling still being in power after 5 years of dictatorship, while only 59.92% of the non-oil producing dictators survive the first 5 years. [76][77] The Russian Revolution inspired a wave of left-wing revolutionary movements in Europe between 1917 and 1923, but none saw the same level of success. [97], The Middle East was decolonized during the Cold War, and many nationalist movements gained strength post-independence. He responded by ordering the confiscation of food, impossible farming yield quotas, banning private farming for substenance, and introducing internal passports and residency permits, which prevented villagers from seeking food elsewhere. [140] Elections are also used to control elites within the dictatorship by requiring them to compete with one another and incentivizing them to build support with the populace, allowing the most popular and most competent elites to be promoted in the regime. Elections also support the legitimacy of a dictatorship by presenting the image of a democracy, establishing plausible deniability of its status as a dictatorship for both the populace and foreign governments. Adolf Hitler known for his Nazi party and the barbarities and fierceness during his autocracy rule. [92] Deng Xiaoping took power as the de facto leader of China after Mao's death and implemented reforms to restore stability following the Cultural Revolution and reestablish free market economics. 10. Synonyms for DICTATORSHIP: tyranny, autocracy, fascism, authoritarianism, totalitarianism, despotism, absolutism, autarchy; Antonyms of DICTATORSHIP: democracy . The communist and fascist dictatorships that arose in various technologically advanced countries in the first half of the 20th century were distinctively different from the authoritarian regimes of Latin America or the postcolonial dictatorships of Africa and Asia. For democracies, it categorizes them into three types: parliamentary, semi-presidential and presidential democracies. Members of the group will typically make up the elites in a dictator's inner circle at the beginning of a new dictatorship, though the dictator may remove them as a means to gain additional power. [27] One-party rule also developed in several countries in Africa during decolonization in the 1960s and 1970s, some of which produced authoritarian regimes. It is bordered by Pakistan in the south and east; Iran in the west; Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan in the north; and China in the far northeast. Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located within South Asia and Central Asia. The DD index first classifies the regimes into two types: democracies and dictatorships. These movements were a response to what they perceived as decadence and societal decay due to the changing social norms and race relations brought about by liberalism. The 20th century also saw the rise of personalist dictatorships in Africa and military dictatorships in Latin America, both of which became prominent in the 1960s and 1970s. This page was last edited on 4 March 2023, at 02:19. [128]. Between the 1990s and the 2000s, most dictators moved away from being "larger-than-life figures" that controlled the populace through terror and isolated themselves from the global community. The military takes control of the country (usually through a direct coup), installs the dictator of its choosing (typically the highest-ranking military officer), and uses force of arms to preserve its power. [126]This tactic involves policies on land reform, poverty alleviation, public health, housing, education, and employment programs that force citizens to be dependent on the state for relatively adequate living standards. They are more likely to end in violence and less likely to democratize than other forms of dictatorship. [86] After a brief period of democratization, Latin America underwent a rapid transition toward dictatorship in the 1930s. If it is not responsible, it is a presidential democracy. Skyline of Downtown Dubai with Burj Khalifa from a Helicopter. In military dictatorships, it is the military that exerts complete or substantial control over the government rather than a political clique. [106], The nature of dictatorship changed in much of the world at the onset of the 21st century. Parliamentary democracy is the same as semi-presidential but has heads of state which are not popularly elected for a fixed term, typically either monarchs or officials not chosen by popular elections. Cuba - Dictatorship 5. The country is bordered in the northeast by Tunisia, in the east by Libya, in the west by Morocco, in the southwest by Western Sahara, Mauritania, and Mali, in the southeast by Niger, and in the north by the Mediterranean Sea. After the recent death of Idriss Deby in April 2021, his son Mahamat Deby took over. [40] Personalist dictatorships often collapse with the death of the dictator. They may be military officers, party members, or friends and family of the dictator. While Thailand remains the world's last active military dictatorship, other notable examples of modern countries with histories of military rule include: Brazil, Chile, Argentina, and Greece. Dictators typically retain their power by silencing any opposition to their rulings and guidelines. " Adolf Hitler - WORST DICTATOR. In personalist dictatorships, the elite corps are usually made up of close friends or family members of the dictator, who typically handpicks these individuals to serve their posts. whether a majority vote in the legislature can remove the sitting government without cause. Political participation: 2.22. This list answers the questions, "What countries are dictatorships?" Africa has several long-standing dictators despite the fact that the continent as a whole is quite volatile politically. Poverty alleviation in these 10 dictatorship countries is in some cases associated with human rights abuses, violent crackdowns on the political opposition and indigenous people. Like most dictators, they also often employ secret police and violence to silence critics. The dictator is the absolute ruler. However, since they might also give up power willingly, the regime is marked with a type II value to signal potential classification errors where a democratic regime may be falsely classified as dictatorship. Dictatorships frequently hold elections in order to establish their legitimacy or provide incentives to members of the ruling party, but these elections are not competitive for the opposition. Brion Donal Cinhil Urien Haldane, 25th king of Gwynedd, reigned 1095 to 1120. [64][65][66], Dictatorship developed as a major form of government in the 19th century, though the concept was not universally seen pejoratively at the time, with both a tyrannical concept and a quasi-constitutional concept of dictatorship understood to exist. There must be more than one party competing in the elections. [91], The Chinese Civil War ended in 1949, splitting the Republic of China under Chiang Kai-shek and the People's Republic of China under Mao Zedong. Monarchies may be dynastic, in which the royal family serves as a ruling institution similar to a political party in a one-party state, or they may be non-dynastic, in which the monarch rules independently of the royal family as a personalist dictator. [26], A dictatorship may fall because of a military coup, foreign intervention, negotiation, or popular revolution. Personalist regimes diverge from other regimes when it comes to their longevity, methods of breakdown, levels of corruption, and proneness to conflicts. [95] A similar phenomenon took place in Korea, where Kim Il-sung created a Soviet-backed communist dictatorship in North Korea[96] and Syngman Rhee created a US-backed nationalist dictatorship in South Korea. [137] In the 21st century, dictatorships have moved toward greater integration with the global community and increasingly attempt to present themselves as democratic. Monarchies: 3. But this is not the first time Myanmar is having the bitter taste of autocracy, in fact, their governance turned . The Soviet economy became unsustainable, and communist governments lost the support of intellectuals. Since the Korean War, North Korea has been ruled by a series of autocratic leaders. [32], One-party dictatorships became prominent in Asia and Eastern Europe during the Cold War as communist governments were installed in several countries. Dictatorships can be formed by a military coup that overthrows the previous government through force or by a self-coup in which elected leaders make their rule permanent. Negative effects include the unraveling of social organizations and democratic institutions and the prohibition of other political parties. [56] At least 85 such dictators were chosen over the course of the Roman Republic, the last of which was chosen to wage the Second Punic War. [10] Political scientist Juan Jos Linz identifies a spectrum of political systems with democracies and totalitarian regimes separated by authoritarian regimes with varied classifications of hybrid systems. [35][36] These dictatorships often emerge either from loosely organized seizures of power, giving the leader opportunity to consolidate power, or from democratically elected leaders in countries with weak institutions, giving the leader opportunity to change the constitution. Current dictatorships include Russia, Equatorial New Guinea, and North Korea. [8], Totalitarianism is a variation of dictatorship characterized by the presence of a single political party and more specifically, by a powerful leader who imposes personal and political prominence. Over the course of almost 20 years, he ruled Chile with an iron fist, ordering the deaths of thousands of suspected . Among the 10 dictatorship countries profiled, poverty is endemic. Single-party dictatorships were most common during the Cold War, with dominant-party dictatorships becoming more common after the fall of the Soviet Union. This page was last edited on 26 February 2023, at 12:26. A dictator may address the opposition by repressing it through force, modifying laws to restrict its power, or appeasing it with limited benefits. [126] Four strategies of political control commonly employed by dictatorships are repression, indoctrination, coercive distribution, and infiltration. Repression can encompass actual or threatened physical violence such as arrests, assassinations, torture, beatings, disappearances, mass killings, and forced exile. Adolf Hitler: 14 most cruel dictators Benito Mussolini: 14 most cruel dictators Vladimir Lenin (1870-1924): 14 most cruel dictators Joseph Stalin: 14 most cruel dictators Mao Zedong or Mao or Mao Tse Tung: 14 most cruel dictators Muammar Gaddafi: 14 most cruel dictators Idi Amin (1920-2003): 14 most cruel dictators [130] One-party dictatorships are generally more stable and last longer than military or personalist dictatorships. Argentina and Mexico are the countries with Dictatorship as a government form. [98], During World War II, many countries of Central and Eastern Europe had been occupied by the Soviet Union. [143], In the 20th century, most dictatorships held elections in which voters could only choose to support the dictatorship, with only one-quarter of partisan dictatorships permitting opposition candidates to participate. Duterte is the perfect example of a . (2010), Cheibub, Gandhi, and Vreeland developed a six-fold regime classification scheme, resulting what the authors called as the DD datasets. Totalitarianism is a form of autocracy in which the state has total control over its citizens. [7] The opposition can be an external group, or it can also include current and former members of the dictator's inner circle. The Portuguese were present in some mostly coastal points of the territory of what is now Angola from the 16th century, interacting in diverse ways with the peoples who lived there. [78], At the same time, nationalist movements grew throughout Europe. [85] After being defeated in World War II, the far-right dictatorships of Europe collapsed, with the exceptions of Spain and Portugal. Source by babeltravel. [98] Several Middle Eastern countries were the subject of military coups in the 1950s and 1960s, including Iraq, Syria, North Yemen, and South Yemen. The Freedom in the World report evaluates the state of freedom in 195 countries and 14 territories, assigning a score between 0 and 4 in a series of 25 indicators to give a final score of 100. [1] Popularly elected means that the head of state is directly elected by the citizens or elected by an assembly which then elects them (an example being the electoral college in the United States). The classification depends on the rules outlining the relationship between a country's government, legislative assembly (often called the legislature), and head of state. Dictatorship Countries And Their Leaders | Countries Ruled by Dictators | 2019 Rankings On Time 1.62K subscribers 95K views 3 years ago Dictatorship Countries And Their Leaders | Countries Ruled. Examples include the Personalist/Military dictatorship of Pakistan from 1977 to 1988 and the Single-Party/Military hybrid that controlled El Salvador from 1948 to 1984. These nationalist movements supported non-alignment, keeping most Middle Eastern dictatorships out of the American and Soviet spheres of influence. [133] A dictator may negotiate the end of a regime if it has lost legitimacy or if a violent removal seems likely. One of its most notable examples was Holodomor, where Joseph Stalin blamed the shortages of grain on "enemies of the state" who hoarded it. Human habitation in Afghanistan dates back to the Middle Paleolithic Era, and the country's strategic location along the Silk Road connected it to the cultures of the Middle East and other parts of Asia. Democracy-Dictatorship (DD), index of democracy and dictatorship or simply the DD index or the DD datasets was the binary measure of democracy and dictatorship first proposed by Adam Przeworski et al. An appropriate example of this occurred in 2020 when Russian president Vladimir Putin and his party introduced amendments to the country's constitution that reworked term limits, enabling Putin to remain in power until 2036. Too Much Power. If this institution can be effectively controlled by the dictator, it can become avaluable instruments of control over the population. [1], The dictator exercises broad power over the government and society, but other individuals are necessary to carry out the dictator's rule. Perhaps someday some of these modern dictatorships will cast off their dictators and embrace a more democratic and inclusive form of government. African Dictators This is often done via questionable means, including intimidation, imprisonment (lawful or not), physical violence, or even assassination. Current Dictators Kim Jong-un Kim Jong-un is North Korea's current dictator and the third generation Kim to rule the country, following the death of his father Kim Jong-il in 2011. Those who believe that he is a dictator argue that he imprisons his opponents, removed freedom of speechthe press can only publish what he allows them toand has restructured the government to give himself more and longer-lasting power. If the head of state serves for life or is not popularly elected or a fixed term, then the democracy is parliamentary.[1]. [34] When a one-party dictatorship develops gradually through legal means, in can result in conflict between the party organization and the state apparatus and civil service, as the party rules in parallel and increasingly appoints its own members to positions of power. [44] As a result of authoritarian politics, a series of major issues may ensue. On average, they last twice as long as military dictatorships, but not as long as one-party dictatorships. [8]:456, The second distinction made is whether the head of state is popularly elected for a fixed term. Some of the most famous dictators in history include Adolf Hitler, Joseph Stalin, and Saddam Hussein. Epidemic of First World War After the first world war, countries got disturbed to conduct democratic governments and managements. President Obiang gained power in 1979 after ousting his uncle, Francisco Macas Nguema, and sentencing him to death by firing squad. Among Africans past and present, you'll find a smattering of dictatorships. Although it is true that some dictators are far more strict and overbearing than others, as a rule, dictatorships tend to result in a loss of personal autonomy, quality of life, and political choice for everyday citizens. Dictators are more likely to implement long-term investments into the country's economy if they feel secure in their power. [1]:68 The figures at the left show the results in 1988 and 2008. They are in civil war, but the dictator is. [102] The stability of the Soviet Union weakened in the 1980s. (Image Wikipedia) Electoral process and pluralism: 0.00. [136], Dictatorships are typically more aggressive than democracy when in conflict with other nations, as dictators do not have to fear electoral costs of war. [11], A dictatorship is formed when a specific group seizes power, with the composition of this group affecting how power is seized and how the eventual dictatorship will rule. This is a list of famous examples of fascism across history. [2] The inner circle's support is necessary for a dictator's orders to be carried out, causing elites to serve as a check on the dictator's power. The head of state may be unelected and still be classified as a democracy. Deadliest Dictator Regimes in History Maoist Catastrophe Between 1946 and 1976, China suffered under the rule of Mao Zedong, a communist revolutionary who founded the People's Republic of China. The Democracy-Dictatorship Index has the main regime types of "democracy" and "dictatorship" and three sub-types for each as well. In their book "Dictators and Dictatorships: Understanding Authoritarian Regimes and Their Leaders", authors Natasha M. Ezrow and Erica Frantz lay out five types of dictatorships: Power is obtained and maintained through military might. [22], Military dictatorships are typically formed by a military coup in which senior officers use the military to overthrow the government. [116] Dictatorships in the Middle East are primarily guided by Islamic nationalism. Bettmann Archive / Getty Images. This article focuses on the five communist countries that are still adherent to Marxism-Leninism. Elections allow a dictatorship to exercise some control over the opposition by setting the terms under which the opposition challenges the regime. Democracy and Dictatorship: Conceptualization and Measurement", "Democracy and Dictatorship: Conceptualization and Measurement", Divergent Incentives for Dictators: Domestic Institutions and (International Promises Not to) Torture, "Cooperation, Cooptation, and Rebellion Under Dictatorships", "How Foreign Aid Can Foster Democratization in Authoritarian Regimes", "Tyrants and Terrorism: Why Some Autocrats are Terrorized While Others are Not", "Dictatorship: Modern Tyranny Between Leviathan and Behemoth (Version 2.0) (english version)", 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198716204.001.0001, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dictatorship&oldid=1142733963, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using sidebar with the child parameter, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. scholarly analysis of Mussolini, Hitler, Stalin and Mao, as well as Kim Il-sung of North Korea; Franois Duvalier, or Papa Doc, of Haiti; Nicolae Ceauescu of Romania; and Mengistu Haile Mariam of Ethiopia. The result is that such regimes have no internal checks and balances, and are thus unrestrained when exerting repression on their people, making radical shifts in foreign policy, or starting wars with other countries. [11][12] He describes totalitarian regimes as exercising control over politics and political mobilization rather than merely suppressing it. Economies based on natural resources allow dictators more power, as they can easily extract rents without strengthening or cooperating with other institutions. Dictatorships suffer from an obvious and significant imbalance of power.