The relative strength of France and weakness of England was further compounded by the fact that Elizabeth had to recognize the loss of Calais to France under the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559, following a disastrous English military campaign under the reign of Elizabeth's predecessor, Mary I. Calais had been in English hands since 1347. She's regarded as one of the greatest monarchs of England. By 1568 most people had accepted. Elizabeth increased her financial commitment to the cause of the Dutch rebels and hired mercenary soldiers to intervene in the conflict under the leadership of John Casimir. She changed the church back to Anglican and it has been the official . The English army was also poorly equipped and Elizabeth did not provide sufficient funds to pay for the English troops. Stimulus = Anne Boleyn / The threat from France, [Examiner commentary following each paragraph and at the end is provided in italics], ____________________________________________________. Official Thread: (Undergraduate) Medicine 2023 Entry, St George's University of London (SGUL) A101 2023 Entry. Why religious compromise was so difficult. Even though a truce was decided, there was still a constant threat from the Scots and French to the English security . The Spanish Fury united both the Dutch Catholics and Protestants, who demanded in response to the violence: 1) the expulsion of all Spanish troops from the Netherlands 2) political freedom and 3) an end to religious hostility via the Spanish Inquisition. migration? Sir Francis Drake and the raid on Cadiz: `Singeing the King of Spains beard. Parents: Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. However, the Privy Council had put huge pressure on Elizabeth to marry and urged her to take a husband in late 1559, which suggests that the Privy Council would have agreed on a suitor had there been someone suitable as they realised the importance of securing a Protestant English throne and the Tudor dynasty, and perhaps it was this lack of a suitable suitor that caused Elizabeth to remain . The Spanish attempted to regroup at Gravelines, however, the weather made it impossible for them to reform their defensive crescent formation which opened up an opportunity for the English to intercept and attack. The reasons for, and significance of, the Revolt of the Northern Earls, 156970. Elizabeth mock: "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main - Quizlet Freshwater supplies were lost and many tons of food rotted as the fleet eventually sailed to England in 1588. Answer:Despite initially being a threat to England, civil war in France from 1562 meant the French monarchs were too preoccupied with home affairs to pose a thr eye27 eye27 11.05.2020 Tudor Rebellions: Causes & Timeline - Video & Lesson Transcript - Study.com The most formidable female leaders in history - Stars Insider PDF Elizabethan England 155888. (Paper 2) Model - The Oakwood Academy Elizabeth offered support to the Protestant Henry IV of France but found him an difficult ally to get on with. Catholic priests are first smuggled into England. Company Reg no: 04489574. By studying this week, students should have an understanding of: . 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. Therefore, Henry created the Church of England, a protestant church, which allowed for divorce. There were a number of factors that contributed to the English victory and Spanish defeat which included English strengths, Spanish weaknesses, as well as luck itself. Elizabeth was inheriting a terrible situation, which she had to sort out. Official Oxford 2023 Postgraduate Applicants Thread. This led to a rampage of Spanish soldiers and the sacking of Antwerp. Boston Spa, The threat of invasion was Elizabeth's main problem when she became As the Spanish had lost these to Drake, they were forced to make their barrels from unseasoned wood, which couldnt preserve food or water very well. As these privateers were supposedly independent, Elizabeth could deny any responsibility for the activities and this helped to prevent open conflict with King Phillip and Spain directly. The lack of money was problematic because it meant England was potentially vulnerable to attack (and Elizabeth had no means by which to defend the country militarily). Walsingham had established a large spy network and was able to intercept letters of Catholic conspirators and work with an expert cryptographer to decode them. To know the dates for your GCSE exams for 2020, you firstly need to identify which exam board you are studying for your subject. King Philip of Spain sent an. Marys permanent presence in England meant that she was a rallying point for many Catholics, who believed she had a stronger claim to the English throne than Elizabeth. Henry believed that Elizabeth wanted France to go to war with Spain while England looked on and would benefit from the probable weakening of both. Suitable for the Edexcel GCSE History (9-1) course. The plot failed as it was discovered by Francis Walsingham, Elizabeths principal secretary and spymaster, who placed Throckmorton under surveillance for several months. Probably at the core of Elizabeth's decision to remain single was an unwillingness to compromise her power. In 1569, one of the wealthiest landowners in England, the Duke of Norfolk concocted a plan to marry Mary, Queen of Scots and have her recognised as Elizabeths heir. DOCX www.oasisacademywintringham.org However, the Act also established a national poor rate, made JPs (Justices of the Peace) keep registers of the poor and gave towns and cities the responsibility to find work for the able-bodied poor. 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Cecil was a master of Renaissance statecraft, whose talents as a diplomat, politician, and administrator won him high office and . Dudleys campaign in 1586-1587 proved to be unsuccessful and he suffered heavy defeats at the hands of the Spanish general, the. The Northern Earls were unhappy and rebelled for several reasons: The Revolt of the Northern Earls was arguably the most serious rebellion during Elizabeths reign and presented a threat for a number of reasons: During the 1570s and 1580s, there were several plots by Catholics to assassinate Queen Elizabeth and replace her with Mary, Queen of Scots. Marriage and the Succession She was expected to marry and produce an heir for the Tudor line but she wanted to choose the right person and not anger anyone. Here then, military alliances, English weaknesses, questions of legitimacy and the influence of religion all meant Elizabeth was very vulnerable upon her accession. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 1st explanation. Apply for student finance without a bank account? - The threat increased by the fact that Spain and France were catholic, but Elizabeth had chosen to move her country towards Protestantism. Elizabeth's legitimacy was one of many problems that Elizabeth faced when she became Queen in 1558. Elizabeth lived quietly at her . Elizabeth's parents, Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. This was a huge sum of money, especially when you consider the annual income of the Crown was approximately 286,000. The French were Catholic but did not have the same hostility to English Protestantism as Spain was. The conspirators including Babington were all. A war would have to involve invasion because after 1558 England had no possessions in mainland Europe (Calais had been lost in 1558). 806 8067 22 Registered Office: Imperial House, 2nd Floor, 40-42 Queens Road, Brighton, East Sussex, BN1 3XB, Taking a break or withdrawing from your course. The war with Spain continued for 15 years, but the Armada of 1588 was the last real serious Spanish threat to Elizabeths throne. With no clear military successes for Dudley, he resigned his post in 1587 and returned to England. Spain and France were also involved in these plots and so there was always the danger of a foriegn invasion. Many northern nobles were still committed Catholics and wanted to see the restoration of Catholicism under a Catholic monarch. The defeat of the Northern Earls showed there was little appetite for a Catholic revolution. The loss of ships, weapons and supplies were proving incredibly costly for Spain as these needed to be replaced and obtaining fresh supplies put a strain on Spains finances. Elizabeth I and Finances - History Learning Site Over the last 40 years there had been 3 different rulers, Henry VIII, Edward VI and Mary I all of which had very different views on religion and running the country. They were also fearful that France would rekindle their loyalty to Scotland and threaten England from the north and south together. One was debt. The evidence was enough to persuade Elizabeth to put Mary on trial and eventually execute her for treason. Explain why France was such a threat to Elizabeth when she - Brainly What happened to Elizabeth I in 1554? - Answers On the show, Francis has a tumultuous relationship with his wife, Mary, and their inability to conceive a child is a major source of conflict between them. Seeing Spain as a threat, Elizabeth tried to form an alliance with France. Elizabeth was eager to nullify the threat of the Auld Alliance (Scotland and France), which had been further reinforced by the marriage of Mary, Queen of Scots and French King Francis II. Boston House, The Spanish Armada sailed in 1588 and was completely defeated by the English. Boston Spa, The ships that did manage to make the journey back ran short of supplies, and many men died of starvation and disease. Before she came to the throne her mother Mary of Guise ruled Scotland while she remained in France married to the French prince Francis. PPTX What problems did Elizabeth I face when she became Queen in 1558? Copyright The Student Room 2023 all rights reserved. The news of the rebellion caused widespread. The child cried when he saw the _______ of his favorite toy in the driveway. Elizabeth's sister Mary I had lost this port back of Calais to the French in an unsuccessful war that England and Spain had fought against France Elizabeth wanted it back to demonstrate England's strength France and Spain were no longer at war and there was a real possibility they may unite against England. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 2nd explanation. The French Catholic League signed this treaty with Philip II of Spain. Nevertheless, the answer has sustained conceptual focus and is wide-ranging in its analysis. Most of the fleet was then destroyed by storms. Medina Sidonia decided to retreat back to Spain and call off the attack on England. Tensions in the Netherlands increased greatly between 1576 and 1584. [Clear link back to the question at the end of the paragraph here.]. Mary Queen of Scots was married to . Many expected a decisive battle between Henry II and Philip II. There were several factors that influenced Queen Elizabeths decision to sign the Treaty of Nonsuch including: Elizabeth believed in Divine Right and due to this, she didnt want to remove King Phillip as the ruler of Netherlands. King Phillip tried to send two further Armadas in the 1590s however, both were unsuccessful. The accession of Elizabeth Tudor to the throne of England in November 1558 meant that Mary was, by virtue of her Tudor blood, next in line to the English throne. Despite the failure of 1585, another attempt to colonise Virginia took place. Many of the rebel troops deserted while the two Earls fled to Scotland. Therefore, France controlled the whole of the northern coastline and posed a major threat to England. These ensured the plots were uncovered before they could be fully developed. Instead, her goal was to ensure freedom of worship for Dutch Protestants and protect Englands Military, commercial and strategic interests listed above. You may use the following in your answer: Mary, Queen of Scots and foreign threat (12 marks) . The English sent 8 fireships loaded with flammable materials in the middle of the night towards the anchored Spanish ships. The Student Room and The Uni Guide are both part of The Student Room Group. - Financial issues may have led to her loosing powerful allies as she could not give important people grant patronages. James also pledged to help Elizabeth if invaded. During this journey, they encountered several powerful Atlantic storms and this resulted in many ships sinking or being wrecked on the Scottish and Irish coasts. gcse history 16 mark answer - The Student Room Spouse: None. Approximately 30 ships were destroyed and tonnes of supplies were also seized including food and weapons. There was a very real risk that he could form an alliance with other Catholic powers such as France and Spain and invade England. 1589 | History of Parliament Online This plot was supported by the Pope and King Phillip II, who agreed to provide troops for a Spanish invasion. The traditional bonds between England and Spain were deteriorating and England needed the support of France for protection from Spain. In the eyes of the Church of England, Henry and Catherine were divorced and then Henry could marry Anne. - Threats of invasion or Elizabeth's authority were made worse by her financial situation. -Elizabeth forced to impose strict penalties against Catholics (penal laws) which enforced religious settlement and protected England against Catholic influence. More significantly, she was worried she would have to adopt a secondary role in the running of her country, as the period was very patriarchal. By August 1986, Walsingham had gathered enough evidence to dismantle the plot. Here is an example answer to the following 16-mark question on the problem posed to Elizabeth I upon her accession arising from the question of legitimacy. What Problems Did Elizabeth Face in 1558? - 844 Words | Studymode Level 4 is about analysis supported by a detailed line of reasoning, so embracing counter-arguments like this are encouraged (so long as they can be explained).]. This meant two of the most powerful European nations were now united against Protestantism, placing Elizabeth in a precarious position. The Pope, as head of the Catholic Church, could rally support for these plots and for some Catholics, obeying the Pope was more important than obedience to Elizabeth. The fact that the Pope never approved Henry VIIIs divorce from Catherine of Aragon in 1533 (and England had to break from Rome in order to achieve this) combined with the fact that Catherine was still alive when Elizabeth was born. Her arrival and ultimate house arrest were the result of her having to flee Scotland. If this union between Scotland and France became something, Spain could help England by attacking France from below. This included: 1) the Act of Supremacy which stated that Elizabeth was Head of the Church, 2) the Act of Uniformity which set out expectations for church appearances and church services and 3) Royal Injunctions a set of instructions reinforcing the Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity. Spains naval and military strength was much greater than Englands at the time, so Elizabeth was reluctant to do anything that could damage their already fragile relationship and lead to open war with Spain.. After his successful raid on Cadiz, Drake sailed along the coast of Portugal and Spain, seizing Spanish ships and destroying supplies that were being sent to Lisbon for the Armada. The English ships moved in for the attack and the following battle lasted several hours with 5 Spanish ships having been sunk. Importantly too, Elizabeths fear of the Auld Alliance was heightened by the fact that the Catholic Mary, Queen of Scots, had declared herself the legitimate Queen of England (owing to the fact that she was Elizabeths second cousin and the granddaughter of Henry VIIIs sister Margaret) and she had the support of many English Catholics. Spain had colonies in North and South America and Englands trade with them was very profitable, but foreigners needed a license to trade there. He then banned English trade with the Netherlands for a period of time which damaged Englands economy and caused much hardship for the English people. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. Elizabeth had given financial help to the rebels, however, remained reluctant to provoke King Phillip by getting directly involved. By 1572 Protestant ideas had spread in the Netherlands and Protestant Dutch rebels began a campaign for independence from Catholic Spain, leading to the Dutch Revolt. With the Popes blessing, foreign Catholic priests were smuggled into England with the sole purpose of continuing recusancy amongst the English Catholics and undermining the influence of Protestantism. ( Public Domain ) Henry VIII was succeeded by his son Edward VI who reigned for a mere six years before succumbing to tuberculosis at the age of 15. In the eyes of the Spanish, Drake was a pirate however in the eyes of the English and Elizabeth, he was a patriot. Humiliatingly, Elizabeth had to confirm the loss of Calais, which had been an English possession since 1347. Tudor Brief Essay Plans Flashcards | Quizlet As the war ended, Philip II of Spain wanted to stay on good . "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - introduction. Europe. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 4th explanation - Most significant problem she faced as if she didn't have money she couldn't defend England against invasions. She managed these difficulties with great pragmatism and opportunism, reducing the threat of invasion. The relationship with Spain and King Phillip II was at a low point in 1587 as the two countries were at war over the Netherlands. This partly explained why harsher treatment of Catholics occurred soon after, led by the Council of the North. In 1581, Protestant rebels in the Netherlands declared independence from Spain and established a Dutch republic. The Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis of April 1559 between Spain and France was meant to be the start of lasting peace between the two. Spanish invasion plans. From 1566 the Pope had instructed English Catholics to take part in recusancy, and by 1570 a Papal Bull had been issued excommunicating Elizabeth and stating that English Catholics had no need to have loyalty towards their Queen and instead should help overthrow her. Mary, Queen of Scots had been linked to Catholic plots before, but Elizabeth had always been reluctant to take any action against her. Essentially, this meant England and Spain were now at war. [Referencing this date is very good, because it demonstrates to the examiner awareness of WHY the question includes this date in the first place. Pope, Head of Catholic church would excommunicate her. Mary's Catholicism and previous alliance with France increased the threat of a French invasion in support of her, which threatened the stability of Elizabeth's kingdom. However, Elizabeth was fearful that a foreign husband would have not put the needs of England first. GCSE: Early Elizabethan England (1558-88) - Tutor2u She pledged to finance an army of 7,400 English troops and placed Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, in charge of them. Sue Gray quits the civil service to become Starmer's aide: is it a big deal? Apple Ordered to Pay Optis Wireless $300 Million in Second LTE Patent Trial. The first question to ask yourself when revising for GCSE psychology is which exam board am I studying? West Yorkshire, W ith the first female vice president taking office in the US, and female leaders around the world excelling despite a global crisis, it's hard to imagine why women have been wildly underrepresented in leadership for so long. how significant was the catholic threat to elizabeth 1, posed by her England had lost the last of her territories in France during the reign of Mary, when Calais was lost. Drake was the first English person to achieve this (and the second person in history at the time). Italian bankers from Genoa had lent Philip II money to fund his campaign in the Netherlands (which was trying to put down the Dutch Revolt). Edward was born on 12 October 1537 in his mother's room inside Hampton Court Palace, in Middlesex. The threat of invasion was heavy as England was in the midst of strongly Catholic countries in Europe, who saw Elizabeth's Protestantism as a threat to their own countries and a major problem. The negotiations dragged on for four years with Elizabeth never giving a firm answer and Charles refusing to give up his Catholic faith. Phillip II of Spain proposed marriage to Elizabeth. This pleased those eager for her to marry, but made many unhappy because they did not want her to marry a French Catholic. Reigned: queen of England and Ireland for 44 years, from 17 November 1558 until her death in 1603. Those who refused this were sent to prison. The Armada set sail in May 1588, but due to bad weather and attempts by an English fleet to intercept it, was delayed for several weeks in the Bay of Biscay. When Mary eventually gets pregnant, Francis is initially . They Schools can qualify for all our resources for free. There was also a fear that France and Scotland, alongside Spain, could launch an invasion of England as part of a greater Catholic crusade against the rogue English Protestant nation. Boston Spa, PDF History Paper 2 - Elizabeth Topic 1: Early threats and the Religious There are 4 main exam boards which are AQA, Edexcel (Pearson), OCR and How To Revise For GCSE Psychology The ultimate step-by-step guide for students, teachers and private students. The Spanish Armada sailed in 1588 and was completely defeated by the English. Elizabeth faced many problems upon her accession to her throne in 1558 and, whilst the question of legitimacy was important, the immediate concerns of debt, as well as the threat from France and Scotland were of far greater significance as they instantly impacted upon her ability to rule. Edward was succeeded by Mary, who in turn ruled for five years until her death in 1558. Ridolfis plan was to make Mary queen by first assassinating Elizabeth and then marrying Mary to the Duke of Norfolk. Moreover, when Henry executed Anne Boleyn in 1536, Henry VIII himself declared Elizabeth illegitimate (although this situation was later reversed). As Phillip was a devout Catholic, he disliked Elizabeths religious settlement and Protestanism. The plot was uncovered by Sir Francis Walsingham, who intercepted and read Babingtons letters to Mary. Why was France a threat? This focused on dividing the poor into the able-bodied and the impotent. Born the daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn on 7 September 1533, Elizabeth's right to rule as queen of England never went unchallenged. English sailors land at Roanoke to find it abandoned. The Duke of Medina Sidonia sailed up the Channel and anchored at Calais while waiting for reinforcements from the Duke of Parmas troops. Led by two powerful Catholic landowners, Thomas Percy, Earl of Northumberland, and Charles Neville, Earl of Westmorland, this rebellions principal aims included the restoration of Catholicism to England, as well as the installation of Mary as Queen of England. This caused panic among the Spanish sailors, who cut their anchor cables and broke their defensive formation as they headed for the open sea. Most people in . A number of Catholic plots to remove Elizabeth in the 1570s and 1580s had his involvement although he was reluctant and half-hearted in their execution. This was due to the actions of her father, Henry VIII, in 1533. [This last point is important and often students dont embrace the anomalies for fear that it will undermine their argument. - Overall, I think the threat of invasion was one of Elizabeth's problems when she became queen as both Spain and France were powerful countries who had reasons to invade England and this was increased as Spain and France could unite against Protestant England. The plan was supported by various Catholic nobles, including the Earls of Northumberland and Westmorland as this would mean Elizabeth (a Protestant) could be succeeded by a Catholic queen. Foreign prince candinates would all be Catholic. They began to revolt against the Spanish. Sir Francis Drake was a leading privateer and responsible for leading several expeditions into the New World in the late 1560s and 1570s. The fear of a Catholic uprising and a plot against Elizabeth was a constant threat to her. She was then third in line behind her Roman Catholic half-sister, Princess Mary. The reasons for, and significance of, Mary Queen of Scots execution in 1587. Importantly too, at different points these plots were orchestrated or sponsored by the Pope and Spain and were dependent on the support of English Catholics to work, demonstrating the increasing Catholic threat to Elizabeth, internationally and domestically. The Catholic threat - Elizabethan Religious Settlement - AQA - BBC Bitesize 2022 Youth Conference - post conference 4 month challenge! By the end of Elizabeths reign, the navy was also playing an important role in settling up an English colony in North America.