Colonial Anthropologist M.D.W. They are well respected agents of wealth distribution in the community. It became a truly multi-group society, finding its' way to almost all groups in the region and gaining dominance in . [62][63] The first missionaries arrived in 1846. . The Efik Language and Its Future. 4. two young foreign men to whom she gives the power to defeat her. Cow meat was also consumed but the Efik native cow was rarely eaten or milked by the Efik. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). The cloth is then dipped in indigo dye and hung to dry. Contribute to chinapedia/wikipedia.en development by creating an account on GitHub. A reconsideration of kp and Abaku suggests an agenda for the study of kp in diaspora from a different perspective. I am manyang Mathilda Nkwo of Akiriba village , upperbanyang and I am and still is oneof the oldest living practing manyangero in Manyu. Unblock notifications in browser settings. Hugh, Goldie. [45] What is most certain is that the Efik arrived Creek Town led by Edidem Eyo Ema Atai together with Oku Atai Atai Ema Atai, Ukpong Atai Atai Ema Atai, Adim Atai Atai Ema Atai, Efiom Ekpo Efiom Ekpo and several others. "[29] Essien's criticism is supported by the fact that in some Efik trado-religious songs, Atakpor Uruan is greatly extolled. That is why Sisiku Ojong Orock after consultation with the other Ekpe members and Sisiku Mfonten Mbu decided to acquire his own Nkanda Lodge in April 2003. This material is believed to have been imported by the Portuguese (Oboriki). [30][31] Another reason given by Etubom Ededem Ekpenyong Oku asserts that the Uruan accused the Efik of wizardry and of being responsible for the frequent seizure of their children by crocodiles. Law and order in Efik society was maintained via a number of secret societies. "[35] Simmons assertion which was made in his 1958 dissertation is similarly reiterated at the Hart's enquiry in 1964 by chiefs such as Chief Efiom Obo Effanga of Obutong. Children of Efik maternal descent are still regarded as Efik and have contributed to the development of the Efik society. In Cuba, the Ekoi are always evoked as early founders of the Abaku society,18 and their spirits are worshiped. The Prestigious Ekpe Masquerade of Calabar | ngEmbassy It is uncertain the specific year that the Efik arrived Creek Town. [53] Some of the kings have been identified in the past by Etubom Ukorebi Ukorebi Asuquo in Aye's Efik people. Gelede Egbe: Yoruba Women's Sacred Society. Ekpe could take life and could give it; it could condemn a whole town to a heavy fine and was promptly paid; it could punish offenders and could forgive; even kings and Obongs could never escape Ekpe laws and edicts.[69]. Another theory which is narrated by Forde and Jones states that the name "Efik" translates to "Tyrants" or "He who oppresses" and was the name of which the Efik called themselves after they had settled at Creek town.[12]. PDF The Origin of Ekpe Masquerade and the Nsibidi symbols in Southern Ekpe" which literally means Lion, is a traditional secret society orig PDF Evaluating the Place of the Ekpe Traditional Institution as a - CORE The Efik speak the Efik language which is a member of the Benue -Congo subfamily of the Niger - Congo language group. The doomsday cult is a sinister transnational cult that has paved its way from the west and Asian world into some African countries including Uganda and South Africa. Group members would disguise themselves as leopards, wearing leopard skins, carrying claw-like weapons, and attacking their prey. [52] A number of people were hanged, shot and buried with the late chief according to the custom. Some meals have been mentioned often in the 19th century historical literature of Old Calabar. The island is believed to be named after a fisherman from Mbiabo known as Ene Ankot. The persistence oftheAbakua society contradicts the official construction ofa Cuban national identity. [52] The breach of agreement to halt such practices was punished by blowing Ekpe on Obutong and forbidding funeral rites of the chief until the murderers were brought to justice. [53] Aphrom was a corruption of Ephraim which was an anglicised form of the Efik name Efiom. [51] The Enwang people moved to the present site of Henshaw town.[51]. The Efik language was also spoken in several communities in Western Cameroon. When the threads are cut, the nsibidi designs stand out, white against a deep blue background. LEFT Ekpe cage during Ikot Ekpe ritual in 2009. Dropping by to say, "Hi!" Each ukara is highly individualized and clearly produced to be worn by a specific Ekpe member or to mark a specific Ekpe lodge. Living in what is now Southeast Nigeria and Southwest Cameroon, the people were physically divided by British and German colonial holdings in Africa. Originally, items such as onions (Oyim mbakara) was rare in Efik meals. I hope some Man-of-War come sometime with proper captain all same you look out and help we keep word when French Man-of-War come. Afropop Worldwide | Interview: Ivor Miller 2007 The area from which the Sunjata Epic comes was historically: the geographical location of the great medieval African kingdoms - Ghana, Mali, and Songhai. Eye of the Needle - Ken Follett 2015-07-07 The worldwide phenomenon from the bestselling author of The Pillars of the Earth, World The Freemasonry's affiliation to the Imhotep is clearly evident and this is probably why they are accused of several conspiracy theories, since their objective is geared towards the restructuring and controlling of global affairs. [47] On the founding of Obutong, Colonial anthropologist M.D.W. Nsibidi | Eneke The Bird Within Nigeria, the Efik can be found in the present-day Cross River State and Akwa Ibom state. [82] The Portuguese are said to have arrived in masted ships. "Egbo" redirects here. a warrior-hunter who, despite having been a cripple, becomes the founder of an empire. The Efik are an ethnic group located primarily in southern Nigeria, in the southern part of Cross River State. [54] The name "Agbisherea" (also known as Egbosherry) appended in the names of the two kings listed by Barbot, was the name of the country, on the coast of which they traded from. Objects and images in the exhibition courtesy of Dr. Eli Bentor. [80] Ivory bracelets (Efik: Mme) were worn by wealthy women. But, Ekpe in the course of the colonial period underwent a wide range of fundamental changes in their structure, roles, status . There are several theories regarding the origin of the Efik people. To cast light on African perspectives, and on the point of view of enslaved men and women, this group of top Africanist scholars has examined both conventional historical sources (e.g., European. Membership in the Ekpe (Egbo), or Leopard, society, for example, available to wealthy men who can meet the expense involved, confers high social status and political authority; these men participate in ceremonies concerned with ancestral spirits and are believed to protect the community through magic and religious ritual. [33][34] Abasi is said to have borrowed an axe from an Uruan woman and had broken the axe. Resume: La communaure cubaine Abakua-descendantedes communautes :EB:k Ekpe et Ejagham ~gbedu Sud Est du Nigeria etdu Sud Ouest du Cameroun-a ete fondee ala Havane dans les annees 1830 par des leaders captures des villages de Cross River. Prior to the arrival of the missionaries in 1846, many Efik traders were fluent in English and a number of African and European languages. Ikpaya is now worn by an Obong-elect during the traditional coronation ceremony. Sunjata's half-brother, Dankaran Touman, enrages Sunjata and nearly causes civil war by: murdering an innocent young man, thinking he is Sunjata. National Museum of African American History and Culture. At its peak, it permeated the social, economic and political life of the Efiks but lately its dominance has been eroded as urbanization and modern political administration expanded. of Old Calabar by the Ekpe secret society, which was controlled by the towns merchant houses. Another account claimed that Efik people introduced the Ekpe between 1720 and 1729 during the initial migration of Calabar. For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. Posted on March 01, 2015 Select search scope, currently: catalog all catalog, articles, website, & more in one search; catalog books, media & more in the Stanford Libraries' collections; articles+ journal articles & other e-resources The Efik people are well known for a diverse number of cuisines. These they handcuffed, brought down to the canoes, and so proceeded up the river, till they got to the amount of 45, with whom they returned to New town, where sending to the captains of the shipping, they divided them among the ships.[56]. Other narratives at the Hart's enquiry do not make mention of the Efut. Imhotep was a revered personality as he was believed to be with super powers of healing and influencing people and affairs of the community. [49] Several events at Creek town later led to a wave of migration from Creek town to Duke town. . There is not even one single manyangero mentioned on all the write up on any of the ekpe/mgbe stories. Although Duke town is believed to have been occupied since the 15th century by the Enwang, it was not until the 17th century that the Efiom Ekpo families moved in large waves to the site. ________. The Ekale Dancers from South-West Cameroon - YouTube Adire Adire means 'tie and dye' in Yoruba. At its peak, it permeated the social, economic and political life of the Efiks but lately its dominance has been eroded as urbanization and modern political administration expanded. While their political authority is largely diminished today, Ekpe membership is still prestigious and the society continues to be a unifying force among the Ejagham, Igbo, Efik, Ibibio, and other cultural groups in the Cross River region. The Ekpe society is estimated by most foreign scholars to have been introduced into Old Calabar in the 18th century. At Old Calabar, traders had slowly started transitioning completely into the lucrative palm oil trade. Several theories have been propounded on the origin of the word. Ekpe Society - Odinani: The Sacred Arts & Sciences of the Igbo People Another theory narrated by Chief Efiom Obo Effanga of Obutong asserts that Antia Ekot Otong founded Obutong. The society is not a 'secret society or a cult,'3 what is secret is the representations of its emblem in material symbol - the ekpe stone and the nsibidi (sign language). Originally, the Efik obtained slaves by going to war with other communities or creating confusion in other communities. Several periods have been estimated by foreign scholars and indigenous historians. by Web Services Editor. The Ekpe society is the most renowned traditional institution in Efik history. The main proponents of what is described as "Palestinean origin" is Eyo Okon Akak who wrote the book, "The Palestine origin of the Efik". Department of Conflict Resolution Studies Theses and Dissertations "Hakuna Matata" (No More Worries) - Integrating Indigenous Systems of Conflict Resolution into the Formal System of Government Administration in Cameroon: Case Study of the Ekpe Society of Manyu Division Stephen O. Agbor, Nova Southeastern University Follow Date of Award 2017 Abaku is an Afro-Cuban men's initiatory fraternity, or secret society, which originated from the Ekpe society in the Cross River region of southeastern Nigeria and southwestern Cameroon. What is a Free Agent "A free agent is one who isn't privileged with even one pure Leopard spiritline from the survivors of the Great Attempt. We thank you too much for what thing you come do for keep thing right. I am a young researcher who have a great love for forest conservation, community . AFRICA | 101 Last Tribes - Ekoi people The earliest list of Efik traders is provided in Jean Barbot's manuscript which was later printed in 1732. James Beale Horton made a similar assertion in 1868 where he asserted that all the communities of the Niger-delta are traced to the Igbo. Many believe this groups village at present day Deir el-Medina was the original location where freemasonry began. The Efik people occupy the basins of the Lower Cross River, down to southwestern Cameroon including Bakassi, the Calabar River and down to its streams - the Kwa River, Akpayafe (Akpa Ikang) and the Eniong Creek. Efik society consists of various clans which were originally known as "Esien Efik itiaba" (English: Seven clans of Efik) and later known in the 21st century as "Esien Efik Duopeba" (English: Twelve clans of Efik). These secret societies were used to uphold the legal decisions of the Council of Elders or of the community as a whole, they also ensured conformity in certain rituals and in social behaviour and undertook certain public works for the community (n.d.). [44][52] Aye uses Adiaha Etim Anwa's ballad as one of the basis for his hypothesis. Efik traders played a major role during the era of the Transatlantic slave trade. Here's a look inside. [43] Stephen D. Behrendt and Eric J. Graham revealed in a 2003 publication that by the time the first documented European sailing vessel arrived in 1625, the Efik had already settled at Creek Town and Old Town. [1] The trade-off is that the Amama often control the majority of the community wealth. Among these laws were the Abolition of twin-killings, abolition of the esere bean ordeal, abolition of human sacrifices and several other practices. In such cases, the Ekpe Society is seen as the . The dress is often worn with ornaments such as necklaces and earrings made of coral beads. [77] Women wore a number of brass rings on their legs and arms. Ivor Miller - AfroCubaWeb Members of the Ekpe society are said to act as messengers of the ancestors ( ikan ). A fraternal society that emerged in the western culture between the 16th and 7th century. Here is a list of some of Africa's most prominent cults of all time: The Ekpe is a secret society that lives mostly in Nigeria and whose members are typically law enforcers and politicians. According to Parker, When there, Dick Ebro' asking him to go to war with him, he complied, and accordingly having sitted out and armed the canoes, they went up the river, lying under the bushes in the day when they came near a village; and at night flying up to the village, and taking hold of every one they could see. Due to the peregrinations of Efik traders across the lower Cross River region, The Efik language was regarded as the language of commerce in the Cross river region. By the 18th and 19th centuries, the Efik strategy for filling the international demand for slaves was via obtaining slaves from inland slave traders such as Eniong, Ndokki and Arochukwu. One of the most important castes in this society is the jeli caste. GitHub export from English Wikipedia. Meat and fish are the major sources of protein in Efik cuisines. jamba juice turmeric smoothie recipe; sainsbury's locksbottom parking charges; ekpe society cameroon; June 11, 2022; small mortuary obituaries mobile, alabama . Due to the rise of Calabar as a commercial centre since the 18th century, Efik settlements experienced a high rate of inward migration consisting of Sierra Leoneans, Lebanese, Cameroonians, Jamaicans and several other communities. The Amama often appropriate hundreds of acres of palm trees for their own use and, with the profits they earn, ensure that their sons achieve comparable rank, which has the effect of limiting access to economic gain for other members of the community. [27] A number of reasons have been given on why the Efik left Uruan. [47], By the seventeenth century, more Efik settlements had been founded. What I want for dollar side is a fine coat and sword all same I tell you and the rest in copper rods. [23][24], The Oriental original is most popular among indigenous Efik historians such as E.U. The Efik language also borrows words from other ethnic groups such as Balondo, Oron, Efut, Okoyong, Efiat and Ekoi (Qua). Copyright Dr. Ivor L. Miller. English language is spoken in the South-Western part of Cameroon. The Internet has shone light on manysecret societies, rendering them not so secret. [40] The outcome of the fall of the tree led to several deaths in their clan. The indigenous drums of the Cross River region of southeastern Nigeria and southwestern Cameroon are distinctive for their "wedge and ring" method of tightening the skin. [15] This theory appears to be isolated as other Ibibio writers do not narrate that such terms were used by the Ibibio. These missionaries together with King Eyo Honesty II brought several changes to Old Calabar society. wikipedia.en/Akpakip_Oro.md at main chinapedia/wikipedia.en Other trading items sold by the Efik included rubber, ivory, barwood and redwood. At least in the past, very large sums were paid to attain these upper levels. identity. The Ekpe society had become, by the time Antera Duke began his diary in 1785, the Efik's primary socio-political institution. [37] When many of the Efik had left for Ndodoghi, a series of unfortunate events occurred. In modern-day Efik society, nyny is worn on various occasions such as weddings and traditional events. This exhibition examines the ukara cloth of the Ekpe secret society, a multi-ethnic all-male association in southeastern Nigeria and western Cameroon, exploring both the longstanding cultural practice the cloth represents and the artistic process involved in its creation. Large amounts of pepper was also uncommon in Efik cuisines. [49] The Enwang are believed to have ruled Atakpa for a number of years. [52] On the death of Chief Willy Tom Robins, a number of rituals were performed. an extraordinarily powerful woman, who can change herself into a buffalo, the proud oldest daughter of a king, who insists on being respected, enraged by her brother's refusal to give her the inheritance she feels she is owed, guilt-ridden for having killed many of her brother's people, and for having pushed her youngest sister too hard and too [53] It was common for Efik traders to take up trading names during the period of the transatlantic slave trade. Ukara cloth also consecrates the interior of Ekpe lodges, where larger versions of the cloth hang as backdrops. an extraordinarily powerful woman, who can change herself into a buffalo, the proud oldest daughter of a king, who insists on being respected, enraged by her brother's refusal to give her the inheritance she feels she is owed, guilt-ridden for having killed many of her brother's people, and for having pushed her youngest sister too hard and too soon into magical power. Residents in Ekpe villages often go to the group to help them seek justice when theyve been wronged. Sample Translation: The Sacred Language of the Abaku - JSTOR Initiated into ekpe society at 9 as was done in those days and now not even a word is mentioned each time you talk about ekpe in manyu. No disrespect allowed. The Ekoi in Cameroon are found in the South Western region of the count. Right now, Ekpe . (1985). Hope Waddell, Foreign commerce soon brought Calabar affairs into such a state, that the want of a bond of union among the different families, and of a supreme authority to enforce peace and order between equals and rivals, became apparent; and the Egbo institution was adopted. Ethnographic - (Head crest, Ejagham People): Worn by a member of the Ekpe Society to intimidate and punish anyone who has broken tribal law. Oroko people - Wikipedia The origins of these symbols date way before colonization, but, from my understanding, the use of these symbols died out as the influence of Ekpe secret society lessened. During the colonial era, The Efik language was the only language taught in schools in many parts of the present-day Cross River and Akwa Ibom state. An account from the Qua said the origin of the Ekpe people can be traced to Cameron. Prior to the introduction of industrialised cubic-shaped seasonings such as maggi and know, Crayfish was used to make meals more spicy. [12], The Efik were noted for their involvement in the slave trade were they acted as slave traders and middlemen between the inland slave traders and the Europeans. Niki Buroro Agbor Jerome - Field Fellowship Kokolopori Bonobo Research Ekpe members request nsibidi designs of personal or communal significance. "[18] References to the Igbo origin of the Efik were also made at the Hart's enquiry into the Obongship dispute where Etubom Efiom Obo Effanga asserted that the term "Iboku" meant quarrelsome Igbos. Traditional societies and social change in Nigeria: a study of Ekpe [9] The Efik have also been referred to as "Calabar people" in historical literature. This created a need for Ekpe DC to have a full Ayamba Nkanda (Nkanda Chief). The Ogboni is a fraternity indigenous to Nigeria, Benin and Togo. Efik traders could speak, write and read the English language. [64] It took several years before the town was rebuilt.[64]. The ekpo masquerade, occurring to the south and east of Benin, is performed by the warrior age group in ceremonies to purify the village ritually and to maintain health. As Sidney Kasfir has pointed to (in reference to the Ekpe society in southeastern Nigeria and adjoining Cameroon), material, performative, and ritual structures in masking are not fused together but can be used to different ends and can travel different paths ( Kasfir 2019: 15). The term igo has also been used for the organization's members. ekpe society cameroon - workex.jobs History The Ekoi people, while all speaking the same language, have not tended to live in complete unison. LEFT Mgballa Ekpe lodge with Ekpe members, Arochukwu, southeastern Nigeria. The cult members are usually violent and self-destructive to the point of committing suicide. [76] Uffp (native gin) is distilled from palm wine and is sometimes mixed with the bark of Edat to increase the alcoholic content. [51] When the twins were older, they left for the opposite end of the island to Duke town. Historians and archaeologists have worked to piece together the human story from prehistory up to today. Cameroon's multilingual Cross River basin. [6][7], The name Efik first appears in historical literature in the nineteenth century. [12] Due to the support of the missionaries, the Efik language became the language of religion. Jeffreys states that a disruption among the Okobo around the town of Ekeya in the Eket district led to the founding of Obutong. Define monsoon, Sanskrit, raja, caste system, caste, Hinduism, reincarnation, karma, dharma, yoga, Buddhism, ascetic, nirvana. Ivor Miller: The voice of the leopard is the main symbol of the Ekpe society of the Cross River region ofNigeria and Cameroon, which was re-created in colonial Cuba as the Abaku society.