Farmers of the popular white button mushrooms have used another name for itthe weed Panaeolus. Mushrooms tend to have a bitter farmy taste isnt very pleasant. [6] It grows from Spring to Fall seasons. October 12, 2019 at 10:50 am. The mushroom grows abundantly after rain. Poison centres provide free, expert medical advice 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Unlike most Psilocybe species which have a purplish-brown spore print, the spores of P. cinctulus collect to form a jet black print. Mushrooms in the Panaeolus genus are called Mottlegills because their spores develop unevenly, producing dark spotting and mottling on the gills. The colour changes as the cap dries. Crucial identifying features for Panaeolina foenisecii include its small size and habitat in the grass, along with the dark brown to purplish brown spore print, the lack of a ring or other evidence of a partial veil, and the "hygrophanous" cap: as the cap loses moisture and begins to dry out, its color changes rather dramatically. Look-alikes include hallucinogenic mushrooms that can be recognized by their darker spore coloursblack in, Lawnmower's mushrooms are common in lawns and so they are among the most frequent mushrooms nibbled by young children. Just keep collecting and drying specimens until you have around 3-5grms dry. No clinically relevant effects in children after accidental ingestion of. article is very informative and leaves me with no unanswered questions. During the early 1900s, these species were referred to as the "weed Panaeolus" because they were commonly found in beds of the commercially grown, grocery-store mushroom Agaricus bisporus. Sometimes bruising bluish at the base. & Broome (1861), Panaeolus subbalteatus (Berk. You took the typed words out of my fingers however, as Im typing I have come across one curious thought..,I wonder why the mica cap (Coprinellus micace) was not included in the look alike list. One exception would be the striations that run from the margin to damn near (if not all the way) to the center of the cap. Mycology Collections Portal,
accessed March 2018. Panaeolus cinctulus Look-alikes P. cinctulus is a little brown mushroom. P. cinctulus is a cosmopolitan species, meaning that it grows all around the world. Found them in , Panaeolina foenisecii Mushrooms Up! document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); The statements made on healing-mushrooms.net have NOT been evaluated by the FDA. Read more about our, If youre looking for peer support during or after a psychedelic experience, contact. Morgan. Hygrophanous. Cap: Small to medium-sized, becoming almost flat with age except for the usually wavy margins. In tropical regions, the mushrooms grow year-round. If youre not feeling the familiar effects after an hour or so, you can always take a little more and see how you go from there. United States (WA, OR, ID): 1-800-222-1222. The proper dose to take depends on what sort of experience the user wantsa microdose that brings a little relaxation and insight without interfering with normal daily activities, or an intensely mind-blowing trip to the stars, or anything in between. Lawnmower's mushroom2, cap margins changed from brown to buff with loss of water, photograph by Ludovic Le Renard. The cap surface is matte, not shiny. & Vesterholt, J. Pholiotina Fayod Pp. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Possession of psilocybin mushrooms remains illegal in many countries. They have a brownish-purple spore print and grown almost all year round (but prolifically in the spring time). Picture of dried and bagged harvest from the last three days. Interested in having a psychedelic experience, but don't know where to start? Everyone thought this shroom was poisonousand then they realized it was magic. Panaeolus cinctulus (Bolton) Britzelm. If possible, save the mushrooms or some of the leftover food containing the mushrooms to help confirm identification. The look-alike and indicator species vary from habitat to habitat so you wont have the same look-alikes or indicator mushrooms on a lawn as you will on a compost pile. I am a cancer patient who just found mushrooms again. Color brownish and mottled, with the edges remaining whitish, blackish when fully mature. In the subtropics, they grow from late spring to autumn, depending on rain and humidity. Prior to taking ANY supplements you should consult a health care professional. To tell these two apart, key distinguishing features include lighter stems and a dark brown (not black) spore print. Ever wondered why some Mushroom Supplements are so cheap? Created: 2015-06-19 17:47:07 CDT (-0500)Last modified: 2022-04-18 22:14:39 CDT (-0500)Viewed: 7073 times, last viewed: 2023-03-03 11:30:18 CST (-0600)Show Log. 18 votes, 12 comments. Eating five or fewer lawnmower's mushrooms that were later carefully identified did not cause significant illness in children in Germany and Switzerland. The base sometimes bruises blue.Spores: EllipsoidSpore color: BlackEdibility: PsychoactiveHabitat: Eats and fruits from dung, compost, and rotting grass.Range: Almost world-wide. Attachment adnate to uncinate, close, slightly swollen in the centre, and with three tiers of intermediate gills inserted. Sine experientia nihil sufficienter sciri potest -Roger Bacon, http://urbanmushrooms.com/index.php?id=42, Visual diagram for the administration of dimethyltryptamine, Visual diagram for the administration of ayahuasca, http://www.mushroomexper/agrocybe_pediades.html, https://www.erowid.org/eiences/exp.php?ID=93696, https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/sigma/h8876. Even more serious problems, such convulsions or permanent psychological harm are possible, but very rare. cinctulus (Bolton) Cooke (1883), Panaeolus fimicola var. Edible and Poisonous . Get our definitive guide on trusted legal retreat centers, clinical trials, therapists, and more. Because of its intoxicating properties the mushroom farmers had to weed it out from the edible mushrooms. sont Psilocybe semilanceata et Paneolus cinctulus, eut. Some state or local jurisdictions either allow personal use or at least decline to enforce the laws against personal use, but the Federal law is still in force. Four hours later, an excellent result. Experienced foragers claim this rare blue staining is most likely observed in the mushroom stems or in their sclerotia, with blue staining caps the rarest of all. Its best to proceed with caution when trying out any new species of psychedelic mushroom for the first time and understand that when it comes to finding a comfortable dosage, a few weaker dose-finding trips might be preferable to one thats far too intense. Habitat: In lawns, on woodchips, in forests; saprotrophic. It has also been sighted in Melbourne, Australia, Belgium, and The Czech Republic. A website to record observations about mushrooms, help people identify unfamiliar mushrooms, and expand the community around the scientific exploration of mushrooms (mycology). One record of such an event involved a hospital admission of a Scottish man and woman who reported nausea, difficulty carrying out work, as well as a sharpening of the senses.. There is a lot of controversy around whether Panaeolus cyanescens is considered toxic or not. There are no reports of a maximum dosage for Panaeolus cyanescens. Sometimes people with low levels of serotonin suffer from mood disorders such as depression or a general feeling of being down. Panaeolus subbalteatus, commonly known as the banded mottlegill, weed Panaeolus or subbs is a very common, widely distributed psilocybin mushroom. The Turf Mottlegill, has a dark-brown cap when wet and dries out to become mid brown. It may be that those out hunting for P. cinctulus are simply picking the mushrooms but ignoring the small sclerotia lying just below the surface. However, in many national, state, and provincial drug laws, there is a great deal of ambiguity about the legal status of psilocybin mushrooms and the spores of these mushrooms. Possibly a look alike for panaeolus cinctulus #24444727 - 06/29/17 01:11 PM (4 years, 3 months ago) It's been pretty wet so I've been finding all kinds of amazing little fungi. With that being said, if you want to try and find a dose that works for you, check out our general magic mushroom dosage guide. (1921)Campanularius pumilus Murrill (1942)Panaeolus pumilus (Murrill) Murrill (1942)Panaeolus dunensis Bon & Courtec (1983). The Shroomery 3 Pileus (cap): 4-5 cm broad at maturity. The banded part of this species name refers to the way the outer part of the cap is usually (not always) darker than the middle. Because unpleasant side-effects become more likely at higher doses, its always better to err on the side of taking too little rather than taking too much. Cap: Medium-sized, almost flat at maturity, tan to reddish or orangish brown. As such, it's always important to double-check your identification of this mushroom before consuming it: There are a lot of little brown mushrooms out there. This bluing feature is so rare that early studies of this species claimed it didnt bruise blue at all. Hi guys ive been a long time lurker from the /shrooms and im looking to be apart of this community. ", "Neuroscience for Kids - Hallucinogenic Mushrooms", "Guide to Hunting and Identifying Panaeolus subbalteatus", "Erowid Psilocybin Mushroom Vault: Observations Regarding the Suspected Psychoactive Properties of Panaeolus foenisecii Maire", A Worldwide Geographical Distribution of the Neurotropic Fungi, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Panaeolus_cinctulus&oldid=1123977219, This page was last edited on 26 November 2022, at 18:53. Another lookalike is Panaeolus papilionaceus, which grows in the same habitat, but can be distinguished by partial veil fragments around the edge of the cap that look frilly or like small teeth. Lack of a ring around the stem is inconclusive, however, because rings may be fragile, present when mushrooms are young and disappearing with age. Although careful attention to identification details and habitat will exclude virtually all of these look-alikes fairly quickly, the danger is that someone might not pay attention. Odour: Indistinct. Qul. The laws are written in such a way as to treat any mushroom that naturally produces psilocybiin, including P. cinctulus, as a container of the illegal drug, and therefore illegal to posses just as a jar of pure psilocybin would be. Smell: May sometimes smell a little mealy. Maturation is uneven, producing a mottled pattern.Stem: Thin, hollow, brittle, darker towards the base. Having a trip buddya sober person on hand to helpcan be a valuable source of sanity and comfort should a trip turn bad. Pileipellis cellular/hymeniform; hyaline to brownish in KOH. & Broome (1861)Panaeolus subbalteatus (Berk. The psilocybin potency ranges from weak to moderate but might be the only active mushroom you will ever be able to find. I remember getting interesting looks from people as I walked the suburbs raptly scanning people's lawns. Panaeolus cinctulus is a cosmopolitan species that grows solitary to gregarious to cespitose (densely clumped) on compost piles, well-fertilized lawns and gardens, and, rarely, directly on horse dung. Notes: So I think it's basically time to just come out of the closet and go, "You know what, I'm stoned, and I'm proud." Panaeolus cinctulus: Identification, Look Alikes, Effects & Potency Identification and Description. A thick, darker band runs around the outer margin of the cap.Gills: Brownish with white edges, becoming blackish with age. He could observe some things not noticed by the victims, both of whom experienced nearly the same effects. Live plants. We are pillars of society. Panaeolus cinctulus: Identification, Look Alikes, Effects , Panaeolus cinctulus look alikes The Pub Shroomery , Panaeolus Mushroom Identification TheRescipes.info, Panaeolina foenisecii: The Ultimate Mushroom Guide. (1916)Panaeolus venenosus Murrill (1916)Psilocybe vernalis Velen. Additionally healing-mushrooms.net is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to amazon.com. Some foragers have found small blue-green sclerotia growing in between the mycelium under where P. cinctulus mushrooms appear, but reports of this finding are incredibly rare. Are there multiple species hiding behind this single name? A Guide to Hunting and Identifying Panaeolus cinctulus, Panaeolus papilionaceus (= Panaeolus sphinctrinus = Panaeolus campanulatus = Panaeolus retirugis), Panaeolus cinctulus&olivaceus -Gallery (Neosporen). Panaeolina, the genus name of this little brown mushroom, suggests that this species has similarities with those in the genus Panaeolus. 121. Basidia 4-sterigmate. Panaeolus affinis. The flesh is cinnamon-brown to cream-colored and thin. If an edible species somewhere has a toxic look-alike, chances are the look-alike is a cort [iv]. As they dry, caps often develop a dark brown band around the margin, then a light band, then an orangish-brown central disc. During the early 1900s, these species were referred to as the "weed Panaeolus" because they were commonly found in beds of the commercially grown, grocery-store mushroom Agaricus bisporus. [i] (n.d.). The hollow stem of P. cinctulus lacks any veil remnants and can reach up to four inches in height. Spores black in deposit, lemon shaped in side view, subellipsoid in face view.11.5-14 by 7.5-9.5 microns. Baeocystin is a N-demethylated derivative of psilocybin, and a phosphorylated derivative of 4-HO-NMT (4-hydroxy-N-methyltryptamine). Dosage Posted 27 May 2012 - 04:12 PM. Psilocybin, a tryptamine derivative and the most important toxic component of these mushrooms, enhances serotonin levels in the central nervous system (CNS) [1.]. Lawnmower's mushroom2, photograph by David Carmean. Cheilocystidia 2565 x 7.510 m; cylindric to sublageniform; flexuous; with subclavate to subcapitate apices; smooth; thin-walled; hyaline in KOH. But while people sometimes publish dosage recommendations, both mushroom potency and human sensitivity can very so much that results are really hard to predict. This zonate band can help identify the mushroombut remember that this feature may become less obvious as the cap begins to dry. Read: Mushroom Dosage: What Is the Right Amount of Shrooms? Amanita muscaria: The Fly Agaric Mushroom Identification & Trip Effects, Psilocybe cyanescens: Wavy Cap Identification, Look Alikes & Experience. The information found on healing-mushrooms.net is strictly the author expressing an opinion. With that being said, if you want to try and find a dose that works for you, check out our general magic mushroom dosage guide. The spores ripen in patches and the dark brown colour of the ripest ones causes the mottling. 5-7grms is what I would recommend though since the grass picked specimens are usually weaker than the dung collected ones. Gills: Brownish when young, becoming darker with age. Widely distributed. cinctulus (Bolton) Cooke (1883)Panaeolus fimicola var. Almost all mushrooms in the genus Panaeolus have this same black spore print, except for the dark brown spores of Panaeolus foenisecii. Tea is much more pleasant Tom. In recent years, cultivators have had some successes reproducing these sclerotia, though many have found the yield to be too low to be worth the effort. P.cinctulus specifically is often said to give a happier trip than the more familiar (to many) Psilocybe cubensis, thanks to a slightly different chemical profile, although there are very few published trip reports for this species[ii]. In the early 1900s, it was even referred to as a weed because it was often found growing in the beds of commercial white button mushrooms and had to be picked out by hand before the mushrooms could be sold. This article in its present form has been read by Mr. W. and approved by him. After losing more water, caps become light beige, orangish in the centre. editorial process and fact-checking here. One record of such an event involved a hospital admission of a Scottish man and woman who reported nausea, difficulty carrying out work, as well as a sharpening of the senses.. Taking out your phone and looking at it intently is usually sufficient to normalize you. [3], The descriptor subbalteatus comes from the Latin words sub ('somewhat') and balteat ('girdled'), a reference to the dark outer band of the cap.[4]. Covered with a glass. How to tell the difference between liberty caps and lookalikes like panaeolus? We are not slack-jawed, dazed, glazed, unemployable psychotic creeps. Tubaria furfuracea is similar to Panaeolus cyanescens, but it is not poisonous; although it is hygrophanous like Panaeolus cyanescens, it grows in woodchips and not dung; they are also more delicate and not as bendy as Panaeolus cyanescens; they also have a spore print that is light orange or brown. In the US, especially common in California, Washington, Ohio, Oregon, Georgia, Utah, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Texas, Florida and Vermont. Stropharia semiglobataThe Dung Roundhead, has a transient ring and leaves a brown spore print. Though the subjective effects of magic mushrooms may be shaped by the relative concentrations of different alkaloids, you can expect that a trip on P. cinctulus will share many similar features, like those felt from a more commonly available species like Psilocybe cubensis. Gill edges are white and slightly fringed, but turn blackish when fully mature. It grows from Spring to Fall seasons. Agrocybe pediadesYellowish cap, lighter gills. It is sometimes mistaken for the psychedelic Panaeolus cinctulus or Panaeolus olivaceus both of which share the same habitat and can be differentiated by their jet black spores. Despite its alarming history and association with so-called poisonings no human deaths have ever been recorded from this mushroom. What other mushrooms look like the Panaeolus Subbalteatus? (1887), Campanularius semiglobatus Murrill (1911), Panaeolus semiglobatus (Murrill) Sacc. Mushroom Dosage: What Is the Right Amount of Shrooms? Spores 1318 x 710 m; subamygdaliform; with a large pore (2 m); verrucose; reddish brown and uniguttulate in KOH; dextrinoid. As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases. Spores: Somewhat variable. I ordered a "mystery mushroom" box and got this. It has a distinct "belt" around the cap's perimeter. Due to its wide distribution, the origins of this mushroom are uncertaina factor which may have been further confused by commercial edible mushroom cultivators shipping spawn contaminated with P. cinctulus around the world. One can imagine the annoyance of the farmers as they pick out the unsalable weeds from among the cropan ironic association, given that P. cinctulus has become a valuable (albeit illegal) crop in its own right, thanks to its status as a magic mushroom. Most just use its scientific name, Panaeolus cinctulus. Can be anywhere in color from whitish to dark brown, darker at the base. Definitely not libs, they look a lot like cincts, the spore print is the best way to be sure; you're in a better position than we are to say if it's jet black or not. Spore color: Reddish-brown. . There is usually, but not always, a ring partway up. As long as the prints are jet black your good to go. There is evidence that children can become ill after eating these little brown mushrooms, and so on a precautionary basis at least they should be treated as toxic toadstools and not gathered for eating. Happy tripping if they are! The caps of P. cinctulus mushrooms can grow up to around two inches in diameter when fully mature, turning from dome-shaped (hemispherical or convex) to flat as they grow in size. entheogenic-gnosis attached the following image(s): Living in a similar high desert climate, I was wondering if you could expound a bit on the habitat, elevation, and temperature/season which prompt fruiting of these mushrooms in the Denver area? is generally said to be either similar to. Although careful attention to identification details and habitat will exclude virtually all of these look-alikes fairly quickly, the danger is that someone might not pay attention. so i live in northern california i found them Those growing outdoors have had some success adding their spawn to patches rich in manure and straw to produce seasonal flushes of P. cinctulus.P. J.Schrt. Notes: Found this lone mushroom in a yard while passing by. Her husband (Mr. [6] It grows from Spring to Fall seasons. Psilocybe cubensis Here we have one of the most well-known psychoactive mushrooms in the world, in part because it's so widely cultivated. The gills start cream-colored in young specimens but mature through brown to sooty black as the spores develop. P.cinctulus is a little brown mushroom or LBM, a member of a large group of mostly unrelated non-descript species that are very easy to mix up. thank you. Toxins: Carefully identified lawnmower's mushrooms in the Pacific northwest did not contain detectable levels of the hallucinogen psilocybin8. he lady referred to as Mrs. Y., who also ate the mushrooms, is his niece by marriage. Pleurocystidia absent. Beug, M. W., Shaw, M. & Cochran, K. W. Thirty-plus years of mushroom poisoning: Summary of the approximately 2,000 reports in the NAMA case registry. Panaeolus cinctulus or Panaeolus olivaceus. In this regard, psilocybin found in Panaeolus cyanescens has been explored as a potential therapeutic for depression, anxiety, and mood disorders. Bruises blue. Thus psilocybin may disrupt the actions of serotonin, accounting for its effects such as restlessness, increased heart rate, and inability to concentrate. Its pretty 'normal' to be more preoccupied with your phone than your immediate surroundings these days. Spores: 1118 x 69 m, almond-shaped, dark brown, with a subtly roughened surface. Panaeolus albellus. Diluting in water will only make the effects happen quicker. It grows from Spring to Fall seasons. Reports that the species sometimes does contain hallucinogens have not been confirmed7. But the people who use this species[i] for its psychoactive properties dont usually call it The Banded Mottlegill. & Broome) Sacc. Cinnamon brown to orange cinnamon brown, fading to tan in drying with a dark brown encircling zone around the margin. Below the ring, young specimens may have whitish fibrils. According to American naturalist and mycologist David Arora, Panaeolus cinctulus is the most common psilocybin mushroom in California. These mushrooms have been consumed for approximately 3000 years, originally dating back to Mexico, and are still used by natives in ceremonies, including religious ceremonies, and for healing purposes. You can't run your computers, your fashion houses, your publishing houses, your damn magazines, you can't do anything in culture without psychedelic people in key positions. Cap: Medium-sized, almost flat at maturity, tan to reddish or orangish brown. Treatment: Contact your regional Poison Control Centre if children or pets have eaten any small brown mushrooms, or if someone you know becomes ill after consuming mushrooms like these. Spores101.co is the best supplier Ive come across. Reply . Your email address will not be published. Grows in tropical regions of both hemispheres; widely grown across the world, including Africa, Australia, Europe, South Americas, Hawaii, India and Tasmania. Need Access to Shrooms? P.cinctulus is generally said to be either similar to Psilocybe cubensis or somewhat weaker, meaning somebody used to "cubes" would want a similar or larger dose to achieve the same results. Hausknecht, A. just dont eat any till . They have a resemblance to Panaeolus fimicola, and prefer the same habitats, but the latter species has sulphidia on the gill faces. Though they dont grow as large, P. foenisecii can easily be mistaken for less mature P. cinctulus mushrooms. Though the subjective effects of magic mushrooms may be shaped by the relative concentrations of different alkaloids, you can expect that a trip on P. cinctulus will share many of the similar features, like those felt from a more commonly available species like Psilocybe cubensis. The Dung Roundhead, has a transient ring and leaves a brown spore print. Not a look-alike, but a strain of Psilocybe cubensis also goes by the name Blue Meanie and while they wont be confused in appearance they are sometimes written about under the Blue Meanie name in literature. Compared to P. cinctulus this mushroom also doesnt show as obvious a color change depending on its moisture content. The mushrooms are saprobes that decompose. You can also try out our magic mushroom dosage calculator where you can choose between six dosage levels, including microdose and heroic dose. They bruise blue and have a veil. So fond is this species of horse dung that it often appears as a contaminant in the cultivation of other dung-loving species. It grows abundantly after rain. According to Murils report, a local field mushroom cultivator, along with four members of her household had eaten what we now know to be P. cinctulus by mistake with nearly fatal results. Thinking he had discovered a new poisonous mushroom, Murrill named this species Panaeolus venenosus (derived from the Latin word for poison), and recommended an immediate warning be sent out that poisonous mushrooms may apparently develop from commercial spawn and that growers must be careful to eat or sell from their mushroom beds only the common mushroom with white cap and pink gills, Agaricus campester [sic].. Row, row, row your boat, Gently down the stream. Reported from North America, South America, Europe, middle Siberia, Africa and Hawaiian archipelago. I'm in full agreement with Paul Stamets, the mushroom consumed must have been Panaeolus cinctulus, the many clues in the story provided all point to Panaeolus cinctulus. They also like to grow in any grassy areas, especially where they have been well kept and fertilized. 2021 DoubleBlind Mag | Privacy Policy | Refunds. 21. r/ShroomID 7 days ago. Some scientists consider psilocybin to produce madness or schizophrenia-like conditions, whilst others were interested in the creative effects and alterations to cognitive behaviors and spiritual or mystical experiences this substance gave people. When mica is young, Ive seen it meet most of the description of Pan Cyan. The result is that one finds many specimens in the process of transforming their colors, with different tones in distinct areas. That would be a bad trip. Lawnmower's mushroom10, sketch by Oluna Ceska showing the habit, warty spores with a small pore at one end, and the elongate or bottle-shaped sterile cells that give gill edges their light colour. We live in the Pacific northwest and have several types that have dangerous look-alikes. The guy ended up submitting a picture, and it looks exactly like the mushrooms that grow everywhere in my lawn during the summer. [4], Psilocybin is similar in structure to the neurotransmitter serotonin, which is involved in or associated with mood regulation, appetite, sleep, learning and the cardiovascular system among others. Regardless, it will cause hallucinations. If after an hour or so youre not feeling the familiar effects, then you can always take a little more and see how you go from there. The specific epithet foenisecii simply refers to haymaking. HOW!? The older Latin name for this mushroom translates to somewhat (sub) girdled (balteat) and refers to the darker band found around the edge of fresher caps. Cap: 13 cm in diameter, hemispherical to conical when young, later more flattened, but often with a low central bump. Although, when young and small mica does not necessarily feature the striations or theyre very faint in my experience. Or is there some secret substrate recipe for P. cinctulus sclerotia waiting to be discovered? However, like other psilocybin-containing mushroom species, the alkaloid content of P. cinctulus may vary between young and old mushrooms and between mushrooms picked in different regions. heya, are these also called Hawaiians? Other names: Mower's Mushroom, Haymaker, Brown Hay Mushroom. However, potency can vary from specimen to specimen, plus human sensitivity also varies. Light brown, when immature, become greyish with maturity. Pholiotina rugosa looks like Panaeolus cyanescens, but it is essential that the difference is identified since it contains amatoxins that are deadly. 610 cm long; 1.53 mm thick; more or less equal, or tapering slightly toward the base; when fresh and young often finely ridged with longitudinal lines of whitish flocculence, but soon becoming bald; white when young, becoming whitish toward the top and brownish to brown below; fragile; hollowing; basal mycelium white.
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